NSV develops at all ages but usually occurs in young people between the ages of 10 and 30 years. Males and females are equally affected, although women and girls often seek consultation more frequently, possibly due to the greater negative social impact than for men and boys. This variability in epidemiological data could be accounted for by differences in disease classification due to the lack of consensus in previous years, inconsistent reporting by patients and varied populations. The prevalence of SV ranges from 5 to 30% in published reports. SV accounts for 5–16% of overall vitiligo cases however, its incidence and prevalence are not well established. A meta-analysis assessing the prevalence of vitiligo which included a total of 103 studies found that the pooled prevalence of vitiligo from 82 population- or community-based studies was 0.2% and from 22 hospital-based studies 1.8%. An extensive in-depth review of prevalence data from more than 50 worldwide studies has demonstrated that the prevalence of vitiligo ranges from a low of 0.06% to a high of 2.28%. Moreover, the disparity in the prevalence data may be due to higher reporting of data in places where social and cultural stigma are common, or where lesions are more evident in darker-skinned individuals.
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This high value could be due to the inclusion of cases with chemical and toxic depigmentation, or because these data might reflect the prevalence of a single skin institute in Delhi. For example, a study in the Shaanxi Province of China reported a prevalence as low as 0.093%, whereas regions of India had rates as high as 8.8%. However, there seem to be large geographic differences. Vitiligo affects ethnic groups and people of all skin types with no predilection. One of the earliest and largest epidemiological surveys to have been reported was performed on the Isle of Bornholm, Denmark, in 1977, where vitiligo was reported to affect 0.38% of the population. Vitiligo is the most common depigmenting skin disorder, with an estimated prevalence of 0.5–2% of the population in both adults and children worldwide. Distinguishing SV from other types of vitiligo was one of the most important decisions of the consensus, primarily because of its prognostic implications. The term vitiligo was defined to designate all forms of NSV (including acrofacial, mucosal, generalized, universal, mixed and rare variants).
In 2011, an international consensus classified vitiligo into two major forms: nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) and segmental vitiligo (SV). Vitiligo should not be dismissed as a cosmetic or insignificant disease, as its effects can be psychologically devastating, often with a considerable burden on daily life. Considerable recent progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo, and it is now clearly classified as autoimmune disease, associated with genetic and environmental factors together with metabolic, oxidative stress and cell detachment abnormalities. The characteristic lesion is a totally amelanotic, nonscaly, chalky-white macule with distinct margins. Vitiligo, a depigmenting skin disorder, is characterized by the selective loss of melanocytes, which in turn leads to pigment dilution in the affected areas of the skin.
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